Design Parameters and Standards

Parameter	Requirement	Standard	Application
Floor Loading	4.0-7.5 kPa	ISO 21542	General areas
Equipment Load	10-15 kPa	Local codes	Imaging/OR
Seismic Rating	Category IV	IBC/ASCE 7	Essential facility
Fire Rating	2-3 hours	NFPA 101	Compartmentation
Air Changes	12-20 ACH	ASHRAE 170	Operating rooms

Spatial Requirements

Clinical Areas

Department	Area (m²/bed)	Circulation (%)	Standards
Emergency	50-75	40	WHO Guidelines
Operating Suite	120-150	45	FGI Guidelines
ICU	25-35	35	AIA Guidelines
Ward Areas	30-40	30	NHS Standards
Imaging	150-200/room	40	Joint Commission

Support Services

Service Type	Area Ratio	Location	Requirements
Central Sterile	0.8m²/bed	Lower floor	Clean/dirty separation
Pharmacy	0.6m²/bed	Accessible	Security/environmental
Laboratory	0.7m²/bed	Clinical proximity	Ventilation/services
Kitchen	1.2m²/bed	Service area	Loading/waste management
Laundry	0.5m²/bed	Service area	Clean/dirty workflow

Technical Systems

HVAC Requirements

Area Type	Air Changes/Hour	Pressure	Temperature (°C)
Operating Room	20	Positive	18-22
Isolation Room	12	Negative	21-24
Patient Rooms	6	Neutral	22-26
Laboratory	12	Negative	21-24
Pharmacy	4	Positive	20-23

Medical Gas Systems

Service	Outlets/Bed	Pressure (kPa)	Backup
Oxygen	2-4	400-500	2N
Medical Air	1-3	400-500	2N
Vacuum	2-3	-60 to -75	N+1
Nitrous Oxide	1	400-500	N+1
AGSS	OR only	-40	N+1

Construction Methods

Structural Systems

System Type	Application	Advantages	Considerations
Post-tensioned	Floor plates	Long spans	Future flexibility
Steel frame	Major spaces	Quick erection	Fire protection
Composite	General areas	Efficiency	Cost balance
Precast	Repetitive elements	Speed	Connection details

Floor Systems

Type	Depth (mm)	Span (m)	Loading (kPa)
PT Concrete	300-400	9-12	5.0-7.5
Composite	450-600	8-10	4.0-6.0
Precast	350-450	7-9	4.0-5.0
Waffle Slab	450-600	10-14	5.0-7.5

Material Specifications

Finishes Schedule

Area	Floor	Walls	Ceiling
Operating Room	Conductive vinyl	Epoxy paint	Sealed panels
Patient Rooms	Sheet vinyl	Washable paint	Acoustic tile
Corridors	Sheet vinyl/rubber	Impact resistant	Washable
Wet Areas	Non-slip ceramic	Ceramic tile	Moisture resistant
Technical Areas	Epoxy	Painted block	Exposed/sealed

Infection Control

Element	Specification	Standard	Maintenance
Wall Joints	Sealed	ICRA Class IV	Annual inspection
Floor Joints	Heat welded	ICRA Class IV	6-month check
Ceiling	Sealed/Gasketed	ICRA Class IV	Annual inspection
Doors	Self-closing	ICRA Class IV	Quarterly check
Filters	HEPA/ULPA	ASHRAE 170	3-month change

Project Phases

Construction Sequence

1. Site preparation and foundations
2. Structure
3. Building envelope
4. Internal fit-out
5. Services installation
6. Equipment installation
7. Commissioning

Timeline Guidelines

Phase	Duration (months)	Dependencies	Critical Path
Planning	12-18	Funding approval	Yes
Design	18-24	User input	Yes
Construction	24-36	Weather/site	Yes
Commissioning	6-9	Equipment delivery	Yes

Cost Considerations

Cost Breakdown

Element	Percentage	Variables	Control Measures
Structure	25-30%	Site conditions	Value engineering
Services	35-40%	Specifications	System selection
Fit-out	20-25%	Standards	Material selection
Equipment	10-15%	Technology	Procurement strategy

Regional Variations (Cost per m²)

Region	Basic (USD)	Medium	Advanced
North America	3,500	4,500	6,000+
Europe	3,200	4,200	5,500+
Asia	2,800	3,800	5,000+
Middle East	3,000	4,000	5,200+
Australia	3,400	4,400	5,800+